Gusobanura neza uburyo bwo kuvura CAR T-Cell Therapy

CAR-T (Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell), bisobanura chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, ni inzira aho uturemangingo twa T tw’umuntu duhindurwamo genetiki hanze y’umubiri kugira ngo duhindurwe, biduha ubushobozi bwo kumenya no kwica neza uturemangingo twa kanseri mbere yo kongera gushyirwa mu mubiri w’umurwayi, bityo tukagera ku ntego yo kuvura ibibyimba bibi.
Mu by’ukuri, uburyo bwo kuvura CAR-T ntibukoreshwa mu kuvura kanseri gusa, ahubwo bufite n’ubushobozi bukomeye mu ndwara ziterwa n’ubwiyongere bw’umubiri, indwara zidakira, indwara z’umutima, n’izindi ndwara ziterwa n’izabukuru.
Uturemangingo twa T, tuzwi kandi nka T lymphocytes, ni two duce tw’ingenzi twa lymphocytes kandi ni two dushinzwe cyane cyane ukwirwanaho kw’umubiri no kurinda indwara. Dufite imirimo nko kwica uturemangingo twibasiwe mu buryo butaziguye, gufasha no kubuza uturemangingo twa B gukora uturemangingo, gusubiza antigens na mitogens runaka, no gukora cytokines.
Birumvikana ko ubudahangarwa bw'umubiri bw'umuntu butari gusa ku tunyangingo twa T; burimo kandi utwa B, neutrophils, utwa K, utwa NK, n'utundi. Tugira uruhare mu gukuraho imyanda mu mubiri, kumenya no gukora utwo tunyangingo, no kumenya no kwica udukoko two mu mahanga n'utunyangingo twa kanseri.
Kubera ko uturemangingo twa T dusanzwe dufite inshingano yo kumenya no kwica uturemangingo twa kanseri, kuki ari ngombwa kongeramo CAR mu turemangingo twa T mu buryo bw’ubukorano kugira ngo habeho uturemangingo twa CAR-T two kwica uturemangingo twa kanseri? Ibi bidushyira ku gitekerezo cyo kwirinda ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, ari na kimwe mu bintu by’ingenzi biranga kanseri.
Ubuvuzi bwa CAR-T, cyangwa ubuvuzi bwa CAR-T cell, bukubiyemo gutandukanya uturemangingo twa T tw’umurwayi, tukadukura hanze y’umubiri, hanyuma tugashyira antigen ya CAR (receptor ya antigen ya chimeric) yakozwe mu buryo bw’ubukorano kuri uturemangingo twa T. Nyuma yo gutunganywa, imikorere ya lymphocytes T zo kurwanya kanseri irushaho kwiyongera mbere yo kongera gushyirwa mu mubiri w’umurwayi, bityo bigasubiza ubushobozi bw’uturemangingo twa T bwo kumenya no kwica uturemangingo twa kanseri. Iyi ni yo ngingo nyamukuru y’ubuvuzi bwa CAR-T cell.
Ubuvuzi bwa CAR-T bwa Impact Bio IMPT-514 bwemejwe na FDA.
Ku ya 21 Kanama 2024, Impact Bio yatangaje ko FDA yemeje ubusabe bwayo bwa IND ku buvuzi bwa IMPT-514 yateguye. IMPT-514 ni uburyo bwo kuvura bwa CD19/CD20 CAR-T bukoreshwa mu kuvura indwara ya lupus erythematosus (SLE) idashobora kugaragara. Mu bushakashatsi bwakorewe ku buvuzi, IMPT-514 yagaragaye ko ifite ubushobozi bwo gutanga abarwayi bafite indwara zitandukanye zirwanya ubudahangarwa bw’umubiri, kandi yagaragaje ubushobozi bukomeye bwo gukuraho uturemangingo twa B hamwe n’imiterere yoroheje ya cytokine. Ubuvuzi bwa Axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR-T ku misemburo minini ya B buracyagaragaza igisubizo gihoraho nyuma y’imyaka itanu. Ku ya 2 Kanama 2024, Ishyirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ryita ku ndwara za kanseri (ASCO) ryasohoye raporo y’amakuru ku mibare y’ubuzima bw’igihe kirekire nyuma yo kuvura uturemangingo twa CAR-T. Ibisubizo byagaragaje ko mu barwayi bakorewe ubuvuzi bwa CAR-T, igipimo cyo kubaho mu myaka 5 nta guhindagurika cyari 29%, igipimo cyo kubaho mu myaka 5 yose (OS) cyari 40%, naho igipimo cyo kubaho mu myaka 5 yihariye ya lymphoma cyari 53%, hamwe n’isubira inyuma ridasanzwe. Axicabtagene ciloleucel ni uburyo bwo kuvura bwa CD19 chimeric antigen receptor CAR-T bwemewe mu kuvura lymphoma nini ya B-cell B yasubiwemo cyangwa yasubiwemo. Umwanzuro: Mu rwego rwo kwita ku buzima busanzwe, ibisubizo by’ubuvuzi bwa axicabtagene ciloleucel CAR-T bihuye n’ibyavuye mu igeragezwa ry’ubuvuzi, hamwe n’ibisubizo birambye kandi byagaragaye mu myaka 5 ishize.
Uburyo bwa mbere ku isi bwo kuvura indwara ziterwa n’umubiri ziterwa na CAR-T bwagenze neza.

Ku ya 4 Ukwakira 2024, urubuga rwa Nature rwashyize ahagaragara raporo igaragaza ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe n'itsinda ry'Abashinwa. Abahanga mu bya siyansi bakoresheje ikoranabuhanga rya CRISPR-Cas9 mu guhindura imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'umubiri tumeze neza dukomoka ku baterankunga twibanda ku ndwara ya CD19, bateza imbere ubwoko bushya bw'ubuvuzi bwa CAR-T busanzwe bugizwe n'abarwayi batatu barwaye indwara zikomeye zo mu mutwe kugira ngo bakire igihe kirekire.